{"id":209586,"date":"2026-10-29T15:47:31","date_gmt":"2026-10-29T12:47:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pozirk.online\/en\/longreads\/209586\/"},"modified":"2026-10-29T15:49:08","modified_gmt":"2026-10-29T12:49:08","slug":"black-night-of-belarusian-poets-memory-survives","status":"publish","type":"longreads","link":"https:\/\/pozirk.online\/en\/longreads\/209586\/","title":{"rendered":"Black night of Belarusian poets: memory survives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
By Tsalak Kakhian<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On the night of October 30, 1937, members of Belarus\u2019 intellectual elite, including 22 writers and poets, were executed by shooting in Minsk as part of Josef Stalin\u2019s Great Terror.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n
For decades, their memory was kept alive through scholarly research, efforts to recover lost works, literary readings and commemorative events at Kurapaty, a wooded area just outside Minsk where tens of thousands of people were executed by shooting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Since 2020, large public gatherings in Belarus have become considerably riskier, but the tradition of commemorating the date continues among Belarusian communities abroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What happened on the night of October 30, 1937<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
That night, NKVD officers executed more than 100 people in Minsk, including 22 literary figures \u2014 poets, prose writers, translators and critics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Publications about the tragedy often cite 132 victims, but this figure cannot be conclusively verified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The date of the mass executions later became known as the Night of the Executed Poets, or the Black Night of Belarusian Literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The executions took place at the height of the Great Terror, a massive campaign of political repression across the Soviet Union in 1937\u20131938.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Belarus, the repression primarily targeted cultural figures, scholars, teachers, writers and government officials whom the Soviet authorities accused of nationalism, disloyalty or anti-Soviet activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to researchers, the executions took place at the NKVD\u2019s internal prison in Minsk, known as the \u201cAmerykanka\u201d (now the KGB detention center), and in the basement cells of Pi\u0161\u010da\u0142a\u016dski Castle, which until recently housed the interior ministry\u2019s detention center known as \u201cVa\u0142adarka,\u201d after its location on Va\u0142adarski Street.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The bodies of those killed are believed to have been buried at Kurapaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The victims came from different ethnic backgrounds and literary traditions and included both Belarusian and Jewish writers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n
Those killed included poets Micha\u015b \u010carot, Ale\u015b Dudar, Todar Kla\u0161torny, Juli Ta\u016dbin, Izi Charyk, Valeryj Marako\u016d, Jurka Lavonny and Anatol Volny; prose writers Micha\u015b Zarecki and P\u0142aton Ha\u0142ava\u010d; and other authors who left a significant mark on Belarusian literature in the 1920s and early 1930s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Juli Ta\u016dbin was only 26. Literary critic Piatro Chatulo\u016d and educator Ivan \u017dy\u0142ucki were both 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Among those executed was Majsiej Kulbak, a Jewish poet and prose writer who was one of the best-known authors writing in Yiddish at the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n
For decades, the Soviet authorities concealed the scale of political repression, leaving the names of many executed writers largely unknown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Their works were rarely republished, while reference books offered only fragmentary biographies or omitted them altogether.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nevertheless, the Great Terror was discussed even during the Soviet era, partly through a poem by Arkadz Kula\u0161o\u016d dedicated to his friends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kula\u0161o\u016d met Ta\u016dbin and fellow poet Zmitrok Astapienka in the 1920s while studying at Mscis\u0142a\u016d Teachers Training College.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Their friendship was cut short by Stalin\u2019s purges, as both men were arrested. Ta\u016dbin was executed on the Black Night, while Astapenka was sentenced to eight years in corrective labor camps on October 5, 1937.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
His subsequent fate remains unclear. According to one account, he died in Slovakia during World War II, but unconfirmed reports suggest that he was sent to Siberia in 1949, after returning to the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Decades later, Kula\u0161o\u016d paid tribute to his friends in the poem Monologue<\/em>, first published in 1965. The original version did not include a dedication to Ta\u016dbin and Astapenka, which appeared in later editions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In this major work, the poet asked how one could find traces of those whose lives had been cut short by terror:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cMy friends! Beneath the carpets of the wasteland,<\/em> Are you not tired of being nameless?<\/em> Where are the doors that closed behind you?<\/em> How can I find you? Which gates should I ask?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Another important milestone came in June 1988, when Zianon Pa\u017aniak and Ya\u016dhien \u0160myhalo\u016d published their article \u201cKurapaty: The Road of Death\u201d in the newspaper Litaratura i Mastatstva<\/em> (Literature and Art<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n
\n\n Zianon Pa\u017aniak's and Ya\u016dhien \u0160myhalo\u016d\u2019s article \u201cKurapaty: The Road of Death\u201d\n <\/div>\n \n
The authors described mass graves at the site outside Minsk. The article sparked a public debate about Stalinist terror in Belarus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the late 1980s, amid perestroika and growing interest in previously suppressed chapters of history, Kurapaty became a memorial site not only for executed writers but also for thousands of other people killed by Soviet security agencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The names and works of repressed writers gradually returned to literary circulation, and the executions became an integral part of the discourse on 20th-century Belarusian culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Relatives fight to preserve memory<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Victims\u2019 relatives played an important role in restoring the memory of those killed. One example was Maja Kla\u0161torny, daughter of poet Todar Kla\u0161torny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She spent her childhood in an NKVD juvenile detention facility and in exile. After returning to Belarus, she began collecting her father\u2019s works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In 1960, she arranged for the publication of a collection of Kla\u0161torny\u2019s poems, \u0417\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c\u043c\u043e<\/em> (Golden Embroidery<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the late 1980s, Kla\u0161torny founded the Martyrdom of Belarus association (Martyrolog Belarusi<\/em>) to investigate political repression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A significant part of her public activity focused on preserving Kurapaty as a mass execution site and a place of national remembrance. She served as the memorial\u2019s architect and academic director.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
She participated in public initiatives to protect Kurapaty, opposed attempts to develop the surrounding area and campaigned for recognition of the site as an important part of Belarusian historical memory. Maja Kla\u0161torny died on August 3, 2026, at the age of 89.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n
\n\n Maja Kla\u0161torny, daughter of poet Todar Kla\u0161torny\n <\/div>\n \n
Writer and historian Leanid Marako\u016d, nephew of the executed poet Valeryj Marako\u016d, made a significant contribution to research into the lives of those executed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the 1990s, he studied archival documents, wrote the biographies of members of the Belarusian intelligentsia who had been killed and published information about them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
His decades of work resulted in around 30 books and the encyclopedia Repressed Writers, Scholars, Educators, and Public and Cultural Figures of Belarus, 1794\u20131991<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
His research restored the names of many people whose fates had been concealed for decades to the historical and cultural record. Marako\u016d died on December 17, 2016, after a serious illness, at the age of 58. Even the state-run newspaper Sovetskaya Belorussiya<\/em> published a condolence notice following his death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n
In 2001, Kurapaty became the site of one of the longest-running civil protests in independent Belarus, as the city government was building the Minsk Beltway near the site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On September 24, 2001, members of the Malady Front youth organization, led by Pavie\u0142 Sieviaryniec, organized a round-the-clock vigil to protect the site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The protest lasted 250 days, ending on June 3, 2002. Ultimately, the authorities were forced to reroute the road to bypass the main burial area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the following years, crosses became an important symbol of the public memorial. They were erected during Dziady commemorations and other events honoring the dead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In 2011\u20132012, a new dispute arose over the construction of the Bulbash-Hall complex near Kurapaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Civic activists said the facility was being built in violation of the site’s protected status as a historical and cultural landmark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In late 2012, the Ministry of Culture reported violations, and construction was partially suspended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In 2014, the boundaries of Kurapaty’s protected zone were reduced, placing the complex’s buildings outside the revised boundaries. The decision sparked further disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In 2017, members of the public again opposed commercial development near the memorial. When construction of a business center began next to Kurapaty, activists organized a round-the-clock vigil and blockade. The plans were abandoned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In June 2018, the Poedem-Poedim restaurant opened about 50 meters from Kurapaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n
The opening sparked protests. Activists called the restaurant a \u201ctavern built on bones,\u201d demanded that it be closed or relocated, and urged people to boycott it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Activists maintained a regular presence outside the restaurant, telling visitors about the site’s history and urging them not to enter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Some protesters were detained and fined. Among them was Zmicier Da\u0161kievi\u010d. In July 2018, he and other activists put up new crosses near Kurapaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In November of the same year, an official memorial to victims of political repression was installed at Kurapaty. The Ministry of Culture supported the initiative and held a competition to select the best design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The monument consists of a structure topped with a bell, bearing inscriptions commemorating the victims of political repression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The installation did not end the disputes over Kurapaty. In April 2019, the authorities began removing crosses erected by civic activists. The area was cordoned off, and some people protesting against the removal were detained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For those defending the memorial, the crosses represented more than remembrance: they embodied years of civic efforts to preserve Kurapaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kurapaty readings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
In 2017, following a campaign against development in Kurapaty’s protected zone, Belarusian activists gathered at the site on the night of October 30 to commemorate the executed writers on the 80th anniversary of the tragedy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The event was initiated by Da\u0161kievi\u010d. About 100 people turned up. The gathering marked the beginning of an annual tradition of literary readings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The event was held again in 2018, with writers, musicians and actors reading poems and excerpts from the works of executed authors. Participants also prayed and read out the names of those who had been murdered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
By 2019, several hundred people were attending the event. According to human rights defenders, at least 120 people were present initially, and the number later grew to about 350. Participants read poetry, sang, gave speeches and prayed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In 2020, the gathering at Kurapaty took place amid mass protests against election fraud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tradition continues abroad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
After the protests were crushed, organizers abandoned gatherings at Kurapaty for fear of arrest. Many Belarusians subsequently went into exile, and commemorative events were held in 38 cities in 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Belarusians organized readings, concerts and online events. The tradition no longer depends on people’s ability to gather in one place in Belarus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In 2025, commemorative events were held in Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This year, Belarusian communities abroad are once again organizing lectures and readings of works by repressed authors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diplomats visit the site<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Although large-scale events at Kurapaty are prohibited, foreign diplomats visit the site on the Night of the Executed Poets to commemorate the victims of terror.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On October 30, 2025, diplomats from European Union countries and the United Kingdom laid flowers at Kurapaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n
\n (German embassy in Belarus)<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
By Tsalak Kakhian On the night of October 30, 1937, members of Belarus\u2019 intellectual elite, including 22 writers and poets, were executed by shooting in Minsk as part of Josef Stalin\u2019s Great Terror. For decades, their memory was kept alive through scholarly research, efforts to recover lost works, literary readings and commemorative events at Kurapaty, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":162582,"template":"","rubric":[15,24],"class_list":["post-209586","longreads","type-longreads","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","rubric-society","rubric-theviewer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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